Science is a systematic and organized body of information in all areas of study that is attained utilizing “the word scientific method”.
Branches of Science
We can divide science into two main branches:
Natural Science
It is the study of naturally occurring objects and phenomena, such as light, matter, the earth, celestial bodies, and the human body. Natural sciences are further divided into physical sciences, earth sciences, biological sciences, and others.
Physical sciences include subjects like physics (the study of physical objects), chemistry (the study of substances), and astronomy (the study of celestial bodies).
Earth sciences include subjects such as geology (the science of the earth). Biology (the study of human bodies) and botany (the study of plants) are examples of subjects in the life sciences.
Social Science
Social sciences are the study of individuals or groups of people, such as organizations, cultures, or economies, and their individual or collective activities.
Social sciences encompass various disciplines, including psychology (the study of human behaviors), sociology (the study of social groups), and economics (the study of organizations, markets, and economies). The natural sciences and the social sciences differ in various aspects.
Comparison of Both Sciences
The natural sciences are known for their precision, accuracy, and independence from the observer. For example, a scientific experiment in physics, like measuring the speed of sound through a certain media or the refractive index of water, should consistently produce the same result regardless of when or where the experiment is conducted. If two different values are obtained for these physical properties, it usually indicates that one or both of those students made an error.
On the other hand, the social sciences often lack the same level of precision, predictability, or clarity. For example, when using a hypothetical instrument to measure a person’s happiness, it is possible to observe fluctuations in their emotional state. The same individual may experience varying levels of happiness or sadness on different days, and even at different times within the same day.
One’s level of happiness can fluctuate based on the news they receive or the events that occur throughout the day. In addition, it is difficult to find a precise instrument or metric that can truly capture an individual’s happiness. Therefore, one tool might determine that a person is “happier” while another tool might conclude that the same person is “less happy” at the same moment.
Kinds of Science
According to their purpose, branches of Sciences can also be divided further.
Basic Sciences
Basic sciences, also known as pure science, focus on understanding the fundamental objects, forces, and laws that govern them. Some examples are physics, mathematics, and biology.
Applied Sciences
Applied sciences also known as practical sciences, involve the application of scientific knowledge in real-world settings. Some examples are applied physics, applied sociology, or applied psychology.
Scientific Knowledge
The goal of science is to generate scientific knowledge. Scientific knowledge encompasses a broad range of laws and theories that are obtained through the rigorous scientific method to explain various phenomena or behaviors of interest. Laws are observed patterns of phenomena or behaviors, while theories are systematic explanations of the underlying phenomenon or behavior.
The aim of scientific research is to uncover laws and formulate theories that can explain natural or social phenomena, essentially constructing scientific knowledge. It is crucial to recognize that this understanding may be incorrect or significantly distant from reality. At times, there might not be a single universal truth, but rather a balance of “multiple truths”.
We need to recognize that scientific theories are simply explanations of specific phenomena, as proposed by scientists. Therefore, there can be varying explanations, depending on how well they align with reality, leading to either strong or weak theories.
The advancement of science is characterized by the continuous improvement of theories over time. This progress is achieved through the use of more precise instruments, enhanced observations, and more informed logical reasoning (Anol Bhattacherjee, 2012).
Five Sources of Knowledge
Usually there are five major sources of knowledge which are discussed bellow;
Observation
Observation is a careful and attentive process used to gather information about a particular phenomenon, event, or situation. This forms the basis of all scientific knowledge. We rely on our senses to gather information about the world around us, such as observing patterns in nature or how things interact with one another.
Sacred Authorities
These figures or texts are highly respected within a religion or culture, as they are considered to be sources of wisdom and knowledge. Examples may include religious texts, prophets, or spiritual leaders. It is crucial to critically evaluate the content of beliefs and traditions, as they can provide valuable insights.
Myth
A traditional story, particularly one that looks into the origins of humanity or provides insight into natural or societal occurrences. Myth is a misconception presented as truth. Myths are narratives that provide explanations for natural phenomena, cultural practices, or origins.
Although not always completely accurate, they provide valuable insights into the values, beliefs, and fears of a culture. Based on these facts, we gain knowledge and then use that knowledge to form whimsical thoughts.
Culture
Culture encompasses the collective beliefs, behaviors, and practices of a particular group. It influences our perception of the world through customs, narratives, and societal expectations. Understanding culture allows us to gain diverse perspectives on the world.
Personal Experience
Our personal experiences hold immense wisdom. We gain knowledge through hands-on experience, accepting our errors, and taking time to analyze the outcomes. Nevertheless, personal experience may have limitations and biases, so combining it with other sources is beneficial.
Common Sense
This is all about practical knowledge and judgment that comes from everyday experience. Recognizing the distinctions between various voices is a fundamental aspect of sensory perception, like listening, smelling, watching, touching, and tasting.
Understanding how to manage daily life and make decisions can be challenging, especially when considering the diverse perspectives and cultural differences that exist. While common sense is often relied upon, it may not always be the most reliable tool when it comes to complex situations.
Conclusion
Science offers a methodical approach to understanding the world by means of observation and experimentation. Natural sciences investigate the complex nature of physical phenomena, while social sciences center their attention on the complexities of human behavior and society.
Scientific knowledge is constructed through the continuous refinement of laws and theories, as we enhance our methods and tools. There are numerous sources of knowledge that extend beyond the realm of science, such as sacred texts, myths, culture, and personal experience. Each provides valuable insights, but the scientific method allows us to go beyond common sense and personal biases in order to gain a more objective understanding.
