Scientific research involves the process of asking questions about the world and subsequently obtaining answers through careful investigation. This typically entails gathering data through experiments or observation and subsequently analyzing it to gain a deeper understanding of the functioning of phenomena. The primary objective is to enhance our knowledge and comprehension of the world.
1. Meaning of Scientific Research
“Scientific research is based on principles and procedure for the systematic pursuit for knowledge, involving the formulation and recognition of a problem, engaging in data collection through observation and experimentation, as well as developing and testing hypotheses”. Scientific research consists of inquiries, observation, and experiments.
It attempts to use these to answer questions about what causes various phenomena. It is important to note that scientific research does not provide answers to questions but instead gives probable answers based on evidence gathered from current knowledge.
New information can lead to the rejection of an idea previously believed to be true. Scientific research works at two different levels: an empirical level and a theoretical level;
Levels of Scientific Research
The theoretical level focuses on creating abstract concepts about a natural or social phenomenon and the relationships between them, known as “theories.” The empirical level focuses on testing these theoretical concepts and relationships to see how accurately they match our observations of reality, all in the pursuit of developing theories.
Forms of Scientific Inquiry
Scientific inquiry can take one of two forms based on a researcher’s training and interest: inductive or deductive.
In inductive research, the goal of a researcher is to deduce theoretical concepts and patterns from observed data. It begins with data collection and identifies patterns to form new theories or hypotheses.
In deductive research, the researcher aims to validate concepts and patterns from theory by utilizing fresh empirical data. Therefore, inductive research is often referred to as theory-building research, while deductive research is known as theory-testing research.
It is important to note that theory-testing aims to not only test a theory but also potentially refine, improve, and extend it. Inductive and deductive research are two essential components of the research cycle that continually alternate between theory and observations. Understanding both theory and data components of research is essential for conducting inductive or deductive research.
Recognizing the significance of theory-building (inductive research) and theory testing (deductive research) is crucial for the progress of science. Theories are only useful if they align with real-world situations. Similarly, piles of data are also ineffective until they can help build meaningful theories.
Inductive reasoning
Knowledge gained by sensory experiences or/and starts from specific observations and then develops a general conclusion from them. It is called ‘empiricism’.
Deductive reasoning
Knowledge gained by reasoning begins with general statements (premises) and, through logical argument, comes to a specific conclusion it is called ‘rationalism’.
Both inductive and deductive research play crucial roles in advancing science. Inductive research is particularly beneficial when there are limited prior theories or explanations, while deductive research shines when there are numerous competing theories and researchers seek to determine the most effective theory and its conditions.
Theory and Observations
The foundation of science rests upon theories and observations. As time goes on, theories naturally become more refined and better aligned with observed reality, leading to the maturation of science. Scientific research requires a constant interplay between theory and observations.
The inclusion of both theory and observations is crucial for conducting scientific research. For example, disregarding theory and relying solely on observations is not considered valid scientific research.
Skills for Scientific Research
Unlike theories in the natural sciences, social science theories often have room for improvement, allowing researchers to refine existing theories or develop their own alternative theories. Conducting scientific research demands proficiency in both theoretical and methodological skills, enabling one to operate within the realms of theory and empirical analysis.
Methodological skills are commonly taught and can be learned through doctoral programs, regardless of the field of study. On the other hand, gaining theoretical skills (“know-what”) is quite challenging and takes years of observation and reflection. These skills are not something that can be taught directly but rather acquired through hands-on experience.
Some of the most influential figures in the history of science, including Galileo, Newton, Einstein, Neils Bohr, Adam Smith, Charles Darwin, and Herbert Simon, were renowned for their groundbreaking theories that revolutionized the field. Strong methodological skills are important for being a competent researcher, but exceptional theoretical skills are required for an outstanding researcher. (Anol Bhattacherjee, 2012)
Following are the basic skills that require for conducting scientific research;
Critical Thinking
Curiosity and a healthy dose of questioning are essential for thriving in social science research. This skill requires the ability to develop concise research questions, analyze existing information on the subject, and identify areas where your study can contribute.
It is important to thoroughly assess current theories and research methods, acknowledging their strengths and weaknesses in order to establish a strong basis for your investigation.
Development of Research Design
Transforming your research question into a practical plan demands a solid comprehension of the research design. This requires selecting the most suitable methods for data collection, such as surveys, interviews, experiments, or archival analysis.
It is important to take into account factors such as sample size, sampling techniques, and potential biases in order to ensure that your research produces reliable and generalizable results.
Data Collection and Interpretation
Collecting meaningful data is a crucial aspect of social science research. It is important to become proficient in various methods of data collection, such as designing surveys, conducting detailed interviews, and carefully observing social interactions.
For this purpose, it is essential to develop strong analytical skills in order to interpret data effectively, identify patterns, and draw insightful conclusions.
Report Writing and Presentation
Effective communication is crucial in social science research. Developing strong writing skills is crucial for effectively communicating your findings in research papers, reports, and grant proposals. However, it’s important to recognize the impact of visual communication. Having an excellent understanding of visualizing data through graphs and charts can significantly boost the effectiveness of your research.
Anonymity and Confidentiality
Conducting social science research carries a significant responsibility to ensure ethical practices. This includes ensuring that participants give their informed consent, safeguarding their anonymity and confidentiality, and being aware of any potential power imbalances.
It is important to be open and honest about any limitations or biases in your research, as this will help maintain the integrity and credibility of your findings.
Conclusion: Meaning of Scientific Research
Science is an ongoing dialogue between reality (facts) and our best estimates (theories). Our theories are constructed to account for what we observe, and their viability is then thoroughly tested. Fresh data can compel us to revise our preexisting theories or inspire whole new ones. Science advances and deepens our understanding of the cosmos through this dynamic dance between hypothesis and evidence.
